网络的发展既为买卖双方提供了方便、快捷的交易平台,同时也为骗子们提供了利用网络和数字化技术进行诈骗的平台。近年来,网络违法犯罪行为持续大幅增长。在二手车售卖领域,骗子惯用手法依然是以低价为诱饵,更改行驶里程表。法国每年有 5.5 百万辆的二手车交易,其中差不多有60万辆涉及此类欺诈。在法国,网络二手车市场日益火爆的今天,买家该如何有效辨别欺诈行为?
二手车市场“水深”
网络上大部分骗局都是经过精心设计的。越来越多的售车广告上竟以低于5欧元甚至免费为诱饵转让二手车。其实这样的手段并不高明,它无非是在在广告首页上标出极具诱惑力的价格,但点开链接后,售车信息页面上标出的实际价格与专业汽车评估网站的估价相差无几。买家应该先通过Facebook等社交平台了解卖家的公开信息,这有助于辨别其身份真伪。此外,如果卖家在售车网站上创建账户的日期与发布售车广告的日期相近,买家也应该提高警惕,提议与卖家直接进行电话沟通,而不是一直使用邮件和短信联系。
大多骗子通常使用女性名字行骗,以获取买家的信任,因此不接受电话沟通。骗子还会通过短信发送自己精心编造的故事。骗子经常以家庭发生突发变故(搬家, 孩子降生,健康问题等)急需用钱为由转手汽车,以争取买家信任。这些骗子态度很好,并对买家的要求作出积极的回应。更要值得注意的是,应该尽量避免买到被盗车辆。盗贼为了尽快出手汽车,他们在交易时提供汽车的出厂日期、机动车行驶证和保险公司相关信息以便买家快速进行验证。
防止诈骗tips
使用短信可以识别骗局:回复信息奇快,甚至比人工手打短信所需时间都要快,这种情况通常就是骗子将事先已准备好的短信内容进行复制粘贴;此外,在网络平台上打开售车假广告后通常会被转到另外一个界面;一些骗局的共同点是:评论区关闭,汽车图片很多,却看不到车牌,车主名字显示是“欧洲人”,并且是复合姓氏;骗子在买卖交易中最常使用的是在线支付系统(如 PayPal),但自从网络付款安全性加强后,他们要求买家通过邮政银行进行现金转账或通过西联汇款汇现金等。其实,谨防上当受骗很简单:在看到汽车和与车主见面之前,切记不要提前支付任何款项。
如果买卖双方在交易过程中因汽车质量问题而无法达成共识,该怎么办?
买家购买二手车时常会遇到信息不对等的情况。在交易谈判中,买家很难了解汽车存在的潜在故障,如果买家通过发送信件或者亲自与卖家会面协商都不能消除交易中的分歧,可以通过法律手段提出诉讼程序来解决双方争议。当然,双方友好协商是首选。
如果买卖双方没有尝试友好解决争议,他们是不能直接向法院提起诉讼的。换句话说,买卖双方首先尝试要求第三方介入调解争议,如果调解失败,才能进入司法起诉程序。第三方调解人可以是专业私人或公立机构调解员,也可以是有关公立机构配备的司法争议调解员,后者提供的调解服务是免费的。
如果第三方介入未能成功调解买卖双方争议,买卖双方可以向法院提出诉讼要求对方赔偿。根据争议所涉及的金额大小选择相应的法院申诉:如果诉讼案件所涉及金额低于10 000欧元,应选择向初审法院(Tribunal d’Instance)提起诉讼。如果诉讼涉及金额高于10 000欧元,则为地方法院受理(Tribunal de Grande Instance)。
当然,买卖双方也可以通过网上启动在线提起诉讼程序。成立于2016年1月的Litige.fr 网站针对消费者对日常出现的各类争议事件提供在线发起诉讼的所有步骤,并且可节省聘请律师的费用。在二手车交易过程中,如果买家发现所交易车辆隐藏一些质量问题,则可以在litige.fr网站上查找有关信息和相关补救措施,也可致电 01 55 04 83 00咨询相关情况。
办理机动车行驶证(Carte grise)手续
在法国购买二手车,买家需要向相关部门申请办理机动车行驶证。二手车主办理行驶证需要有哪些程序?2009 年,法国政府引入新车辆登记系统(SIV),2017年,政府推出了新一代的车辆管理计划(Plan Préfectures Nouvelle Génération – PPNG),这两项措施主要是就省级政府对机动车管理进行优化改革。如今,只需网上在线完成申请步骤即可。以下是二手车新注册程序的一些细节。
申请机动车行驶证有哪些步骤?
其一:ANTS网络平台。ANTS(Agence nationale des titres sécurisés)是内政部下属的一个公共行政机构,其使命主要是负责涉及国家安全证件的行政管理,其中包括机动车行驶证和带有指纹信息的护照。2017年,政府正式开通 ANTS 网络平台作为受理机动车行驶证申请的官方网站。
其二:可以通过获内政部许可和授权的非官方网站系统进行申请,比如 LegalPlace 网站。自2009年以来,类似网站获得政府批准可以提供在线注册申请。相比官办的ANTS平台,这些授权网站的优势是效率高且交付时间短。
需要哪些文件?
在申请二手车行驶证时需要提交多项证明文件。根据交易车辆此前行驶区域的不同,证明文件种类会有所差异。对于此前在法国境内注册行驶的二手车,交易后网上在线申请新的机动车行驶证必须提交的资料有:
在有效期内的身份证明 ;
至少六个月租期的住房证明 ;
机动车行驶证申请表格 (cerfa 13750) ;
二手车转让声明 (cerfa 15776);这个声明表格需要新旧车主共同填写或者由卖家提供卖车发票。这个文件在二手车申请机动车行驶证时必不可少 ;
如果买家是二手车经营专业人士,则需要提供购买二手车声明(cerfa 13751);
原车主提交的机动车行驶证上要填写二手车转让日期,并附有其签名,卖家还要提供在6个月之内所作的车检证明 ;
如果是夫妇双方共同购买,还要提交户籍本(livret de famille), 否则将视为买主个人独立行为 ;
新车主的驾驶执照 ;
车辆的保险凭证。
具体流程?
买家在完成购买二手车之日起一个月内必须提出申请机动车行驶证。在网上在线申请之前,买家首先要在法国政府设立的网络办公服务安全平台 France Connect 创建一个帐户,然后用此帐户在ANTS网站提交申请,根据不同步骤指引录入相关信息建立车主档案,最后提交申请。如果通过政府授权代理的非官方网站提交申请机动车行驶证,申请程序也基本相同。买家登陆网站进入自己账户后,必须如实填写税收计算,根据要求提供相关信息,以便工作人员计算申请机动车行驶证应缴纳的费用。
然后,在确认后提交申请并支付相应费用。这些步骤完成后,申请人会收到一封确认电子邮件和 一份所需提供的资料清单。工作人员收到这些资料后,就会开始处理申请。几个工作日后,国家印刷公司 (Imprimerie Nationale)会通过传统邮政以信件方式将做好的机动车行驶证寄给申请人。
随着电商的发展,二手车网上交易日渐增加
(欧洲时报/贾斯文 编译报道)
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