在3月12日大众汽车集团的2018财年大会期间,集团CEO迪斯(HerbertDiess)向媒体宣称,正在考虑调整在华合资企业的股比,并希望最快于2019年下半年确认。
一石激起千层浪。上汽集团随即发表声明:上汽集团未与大众汽车集团就“调整股比”一事进行过磋商,大众汽车集团也未正式向上汽集团提出过讨论股比的计划。也就是说,迪斯发表此番言论并未知会其在华合作伙伴之一的上汽集团。另外两家合作伙伴——一汽集团和江淮汽车目前尚未表态。
虽然事后迪斯公开道歉,但其放出增持股比“风声”已经在一定程度上打破了与在华合作伙伴之间的平衡。迪斯的行为可以被理解为是一种试探、一种冒险,背后则是利益作祟。
文 | 徐曼曼
本文转载自微信公众号“财经国家周刊”(ID:ENNweekly),原文首发于2019年4月2日,标题《大众“股比风波”背后:一出逐利的冒险》。
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中国见证了大众的成长,中国市场是大众全球最大单一市场
在过去40年中国汽车发展的历史记忆中,大众汽车是一个特殊又重要的存在。大众汽车是中国汽车市场的拓荒先锋。从1983年第一辆在中国组装的桑塔纳下线算起,大众汽车已经在中国市场“激荡”了三十多年。如今,中国汽车产销量规模已连续10年稳居世界第一,大众汽车的产品几乎填满了中国乘用车每一个细分市场。
从数据看,2018年大众汽车全球销量1083万辆,中国市场为大众汽车贡献了421万辆的销量,在其集团总销量的占比超过38.8%,46.27亿欧元的利润更是让中国市场成为大众稳定全球最重要的支柱。
大众汽车走向成功和成熟的过程,也是中国汽车社会同步形成并日趋繁荣的过程。截至2018年,中国主流自主品牌就已超过30家,6家车企跻身《财富》世界500强,中国汽车企业有了自主创新、参与国际竞争的底气。中国已经成为大众汽车在全球突飞猛进的发动机,中国合作伙伴的力量不容小觑。正如上汽集团所表达的,“调整股比”要看每家合资企业的具体情况,要视中方股东在合资企业的话语权和贡献度而定。在长期合资合作过程中,上汽集团与大众汽车集团对合资企业的发展均做了很大贡献,对合资企业的重要事项拥有同等话语权。
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合作伙伴帮助大众确定了全球排名,双方应带头高举合作共赢大旗,做大合作蛋糕
大众汽车在刚入华时,年销量为200万辆左右,而1983年的丰田汽车已经实现了年销340万辆的市场规模。上海大众成立之初,大众集团为了规避市场风险,要求采用“包产不包销”的模式,由中方承担汽车销售的全部责任,岂料后来桑塔纳一车难求。可以说,大众汽车之所以在中国市场能够乘风疾行,与它强大的合作伙伴是分不开的。
目前在上汽大众和一汽大众中,整体营销环节基本上都由中资方掌控,并且基于多年的集成创新和迭代研发的技术积累,中方已能实现自主可控的零部件配套产业链,并在引进车型基础上开发了符合各个细分市场如“新桑塔纳”“新捷达”“朗逸”“新宝来”“凌渡”等国内特供车型。自主品牌成为近年上汽集团和一汽集团驱动增长的新引擎,即使是荣威、名爵等外来品牌的再转化,也能借着互联网的市场机遇实现70万辆规模的体量。
对于大众汽车来说,眼下转型的决心和阵痛同时显现。在迪斯执掌之下,2018年大众汽车的整体财报并不靓丽。数据显示,2018年大众汽车集团销售1083万辆,同比增长仅0.9%,利润171欧元,仅比去年增加1亿欧元。与之相较的是,2017年大众汽车在穆勒带领下,曾交出“超过6%的销售增长+超过16%的营业利润增长”的答卷。迪斯的压力可想而知,遂与狼堡的管理层为2019年定下目标——集团销售收入将同比增加5%。而想要完成这一目标,他们第一个想到的“增长剂”,自然还是中国。
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通过对话协商谈合资股比,方可互尊互信,并肩前行
时间回溯一年,迪斯对中国伙伴的态度还显得“坚定而友好”。2018年4月,在北京车展前夕,迪斯曾公开表示,合资企业已有股比关系以及相关未来协议,不会发生变化。但或许是去年4月国家发展改革委的一纸“逐步放开合资股比”批文撩动了迪斯快速追求利润的神经,态度才会发生转变。批文称,我国将分类型实行汽车行业外资股比开放,通过五年过渡期,汽车行业将全部取消限制。2018年6月,国家发展改革委、商务部共同发布《外商投资准入特别管理措施(负面清单)(2018年版)》,其中明确在2022年前取消乘用车外资股比限制。
大众汽车目前在中国有三家整车合资公司,其中一汽大众中外方的股比为60:40,上汽大众和江淮大众两家公司的股比都是50:50的对等股比。一旦提升股比,大众自然可以分享更多利润。
然而,看问题的角度很多,如果选择了一个错误的姿势,可能得到的就是偏见。中国开放汽车股比、降低关税的核心诉求是鼓励更充分的竞争,从而加快汽车产业的优化升级,加强创新能力。因此在当前环境下,企业自身要清醒认识到,建立核心竞争力才是关键,这需要合资企业合作共赢,在供给端开发更优质、更具竞争力的产品,满足中国消费者的需求。
况且,市场信任是个易碎品,建立起来需要长期努力,而打破它却在咫尺之间。任何企业,到其他国家投资兴业、开展合作都需要最起码的相互尊重和信任。合资企业双方是对等关系,任何决策都要在规则下做出,而非忽视规则做所谓的正确的事。
总监制:王磊
监制:夏宇
责编:戴丽丽 李逸博
编务:李浩然
原创文章,作者:cesifu,如若转载,请注明出处:http://www.cesifu.com/article/23293.html
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