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汽车大部分采用水冷装置给发动机散热，发动机的水冷系统主要有水泵、散热器、冷却风扇、节温器、发动机机体和气缸盖内的水套等组成，水箱也叫热交换器。
在水箱内装有足够的防冻冷却液，发动机在工作过程中会产生很高的热量，通过水泵带动水箱内防冻冷却液在发动机内部循环。当冷却液从发动机机体、气缸盖内的水套壁周围流过，并与水套壁充分接触吸收周围热量将热量带走，然后经节温器进入散热器的进水口，在散热器内的温度很高的冷却液向流过散热器周围的空气散热以降低温度，最后降温后的冷却液经散热器的出水口返回水泵，如此循环。
如果在冷却系统中出现节温器损坏、电子扇损坏、水箱亏水等原因，就会使水箱内的冷却液无法降温，导致水温升高，当达到冷却液的沸点时就会产生大量气泡，一部分面积被气泡所占据，就会使气缸壁周围严重亏水，虽然在水箱内还有冷却液，但是在气缸壁周围却没有足够的水来散热，大大降低了热交换效率，也就无法将气缸中的热量带到水箱散热。
此时气缸内的温度会迅速上升，若不及时将这些过多热量散发掉而仍然持续高负荷驾驶，就会使活塞、活塞环、连杆等部件的强度降低，甚至变形，承受不了正常的负荷，同时也会破坏各零件间的正常间隙，使零件间不能保持正常的油膜，轻则会使发动机拉缸、拉瓦，重则还会使整个发动机损坏甚至报废。
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